Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (Paramount Pictures, 1982) is the second feature film based on the Star Trek science fiction television series. It was originally released to theatres as Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan, but is often referred to as ST2:TWOK , TWOK , or simply Star Trek II. It is widely regarded by fans as the best film of the series, and has been described as enjoyable by both fans and non-fans of Star Trek. This may be partly due to the tone and style of the film, which is firmly character-driven. The film starts a story arc trilogy spanning to Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home.

Plot summary

William Shatner as Admiral James T. Kirk: Captain of the USS Enterprise.
Leonard Nimoy as Captain Spock: Science Officer and second-in-command of the Enterprise.
DeForest Kelley as Commander (Dr.) Leonard "Bones" McCoy: Chief Medical Officer aboard the Enterprise.
James Doohan as Commander Montgomery "Scotty" Scott: Chief Engineer aboard the Enterprise.
George Takei as Commander Hikaru Sulu: Helmsman of the Enterprise.
Walter Koenig as Commander Pavel Chekov: First officer of the USS Reliant and former navigator of the Enterprise.
Nichelle Nichols as Commander Uhura: Communications officer aboard the Enterprise.
Bibi Besch as Dr. Carol Marcus: Chief scientist aboard Space Station Regula I.
Merritt Butrick as Dr. David Marcus: Son of James T. Kirk and Dr. Carol Marcus.
Paul Winfield as Captain Clark Terrell: Captain of the Reliant.
Kirstie Alley as Lieutenant Saavik: Enterprise navigator.
Ricardo Montalbán as Khan Noonien Singh. Former dictator of Earth's Eugenics Wars.
Judson Scott as Joachim: Khan's second-in-command. Cast
The Wrath of Khan is in some ways a story of Kirk's mid-life crisis. Unsure of his place in the world, unable to break out of his rut as an admiral, it takes his encounter with Khan and his assumption of responsibility for an untried crew to show him where he truly belongs. Unfortunately, the price is high.
Kirk was well-known for bending and breaking rules for expediency; in fact, in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, Klingon General Chang accused him of being a "career-minded opportunist" because of how often Kirk disobeyed orders. Kirk chose to ignore Starfleet regulations in the first battle with Khan, and he paid for it dearly, both in the deaths of novice crew members, and ultimately in Spock's supreme sacrifice that saved the ship from Khan's final gambit. Spock's death is widely regarded as one of the most powerful scenes in the history of Star Trek, and when Kirk himself died in Star Trek: Generations, many critics claimed that the scene failed to live up to the standard set by this film.
Ultimately the film is about life, death, and rebirths, and the relationships between two generations: Kirk with David, his son; Scotty with Peter Preston, his nephew; Spock with Saavik, his protege; and Khan with Joachim, one of his henchmen.
Unable to see past his hatred, unable to conceive what life he might still have ahead of him, Khan took his people on a mission of death and, ultimately, suicide. Kirk, by contrast, refused to give in to hate, and through his love for his friends he found a new life for himself. He was also able to bridge the gulf between himself and his son, and his rapproachment with David in many ways best represents the emotional core of the film.
We also see the friendship between Kirk, Spock and McCoy portrayed in greater depth than ever before. In the movie, Kirk is the captain, the head of the ship, and his orders are the final word. McCoy serves to represent the more passionate and romantic aspect of the three, encouraging Kirk to follow his more 'human,' emotional, side. Spock is the logical one, and he tempers McCoy's influences, and provides a more rational, calculated view of things. Their friendship is like a tripod, each highlighting the others in an affecting way, and in this sense the film may be regarded as developing a relationship and theme important to the original TV series.
The Kobayashi Maru test is representative of the no-win scenario. As a cadet, Kirk essentially cheated by secretly reprogramming the simulator so that he could win. In doing so, he missed the whole point. Kirk has made a career of being able to gamble and win, of outwitting his opponents and always having a clever, ingenious trick up his sleeve, even when his opponent is smarter and stronger than he. Kirk himself sums it up: "I've cheated death, tricked my way out of death, and patted myself on the back for my ingenuity. I know nothing." Because of this, he feels that he has never truly faced death because he has been cheating it all his life. Spock's ultimate sacrifice taught him the true lesson of the Kobayashi Maru test: "How we face death is at least as important as how we face life."
In the end, Kirk also realizes that Spock's choice of A Tale of Two Cities as a birthday gift did have a message behind it (despite Spock's claim to the contrary): Kirk may have lived half of his life already, but the possibilities the next half contains could be just as exciting. And so, at the end of the film, Kirk sees his life with a new sense of hope, as opposed to the melancholy he felt at the beginning of the film. He repeats the closing lines of A Tale of Two Cities, spoken by Sydney Carton in which he sacrifices his life at the guillotine to save the life of his beloved's lover, promising her a happy life. Spock made a similar sacrifice to save the life of the crew, and with these words, Kirk understands the importance of facing death and the rebirth that inevitably follows.
During the film, Khan quotes extensively from Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick (just as Picard does in Star Trek: First Contact), while Kirk quotes from Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities. Each character in some ways follows the path of the protagonist of their respective books.
Indeed, even Khan's dying words are a quote of Ahab's dying words. Like Ahab, Khan's blind, destructive quest for revenge only brought him a meaningless death and the demise of those who followed him.

Production
In its departures in tone and subject matter from the previous film, TWOK seems

Expectations and critical reception
Around 1982, an Atari video game based on the film was developed, but was not released.
In 1985 the computer game Star Trek: The Kobayashi Alternative based on the Kobayashi Maru test from the film was released for C64, Apple II and PC.
In the computer game Starfleet Academy a variant of the initial encounter with the Reliant is used as a training exercise for the player's character. As Captain Kirk sheepishly notes as he introduces the exercise, it is intended to teach the importance of obeying the standing orders of raising defenses when a sister ship of the fleet is encountered but refuses to communicate.
The film introduces Star Trek fans to the "red jacket" uniform (a red double-breasted tunic over a color-coded turtleneck shirt), widely regarded as one of the most popular and attractive Star Trek costumes in comparison to the colored shirts and tunics of the original series and The Next Generation. In addition, the fictional history of Star Trek indicates that the uniform seen in Star Trek II, adopted sometime between the events of The Motion Picture and The Wrath of Khan, was one of the longest issued uniforms of Starfleet, lasting well into the 24th century. (Later versions of this uniform, as glimpsed at in several TNG episodes, would see the turtlenecks replaced by crewneck shirts and the belt eliminated.)
A screenplay for a spin-off prequel to Star Trek II: The Wrath Of Khan was commissioned in 1982 by Paramount Pictures. Titled "Prison Planet," it told the story of what happened to the Khan character between the events of "Space Seed" and those of the second Star Trek feature film. The film never got out of the development stage.

Franchise follow-up

Character and actor notes
Nicholas Meyer reported on the DVD that he did endless takes with William Shatner so that Shatner would get tired of doing his usual overblown performance as Kirk and fall into a more natural performance.
Among the "antiques" visible in Kirk's San Francisco apartment is an ancient home computer that is recognizably (based on the trapezoidal shape of its monitor) a Commodore PET. At the time Star Trek II was filmed, Shatner was the celebrity pitchman for Commodore computers. (In the DVD commentary for the Director's Edition, the computer is pointed out but referred to as a Commodore 64.)

Kirk and Shatner
Admiral James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and Khan Noonien Singh (Ricardo Montalban) were never actually face-to-face at any point during the film. All of their interactions are over the viewscreen or through communicators. Shatner describes in his book Star Trek Movie Memories (ISBN 0-06-017617-2) how their scenes were filmed four months apart.
It was reported that Montalban took a substantial pay cut to reprise his role of Khan, because he enjoyed playing the character so much.
In the original series episode "Space Seed", Khan was described in dialog as being the result of a "selective breeding" program. However, in the movie, Chekov described Khan as being "the product of 20th century genetic engineering." (However, this could be much the same thing as it happened during the Eugenics Wars in the early 1990s in the Star Trek Universe, and given the dialog between McCoy and Spock, it showed that attempts were made to improve the human race through selective breeding and genetics).
Khan, despite never having encountered Klingons, asks "do you know the Klingon proverb that tells us revenge is a dish that is best served cold?" It is really from the 18th-century novel Les Liaisons dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons), written by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos. The line could also be read as Khan asking if Kirk knows the Klingon equivalent to the proverb, though this reading is less common. Most likely, it intends to be a joke that now-ancient Earth history is now mistaken for being of other planets. This is made light again in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country when Chancellor Gorkon states Shakespeare should be read "in its original Klingon."

Others

The term, "going Wrath of Khan on it" is an often used term in the film business regarding sequels. It basically means in a series of movies after the characters have been introduced in the first movie, the sequel will utilize the already established characters and make a second movie which will press their stories onward (and out of the initial introduction) in a more entertaining way, such as what The Wrath of Khan did with the Star Trek movie franchise. Director Bryan Singer has used this term in relation to Superman Returns and its sequel.
In the Seinfeld television series episode, "The Foundation," Jerry paraphrases a line from this film in an attempt to console the parents of George's late wife, Susan. As a result, Susan's parents founded a charitable organization in her honor and appoint George to sit on its board of directors, much to his dismay. The premise climaxes with George exclaiming "Khaaan!"
Khaaan.com is a website featuring a video clip of Kirk shouting "Khaaan!", complete with audio. The site is occasionally linked to on internet forums when expressing strong dismay in response to another post.
In the webcomic User Friendly, when faced with jail for 14 years for counterfeiting, Pitr threatens to use the 14 years to "think up revenge that would put Khan Noonien Singh to shame."
Some of the footage from the Genesis Device demo video in the film appeared in the laserdisk arcade game Astron Belt. The commentary on the director's edition DVD for the film claims that the visual of the Genesis Device's impact on a barren planet is the first CGI effect ever used in a movie, although in truth, Futureworld was actually the first, using pioneering 3D graphics to animate a hand and face almost six years earlier. The Wrath of Khan was released in the United States 35 days before the release of Walt Disney Pictures' CGI-intensive Tron , released on July 9, 1982. Pixar, which at the time was a division of Industrial Light and Magic contributed to both films.
The Wrath of Khan was the first movie to use fractals to generate the special effects. The visual showing the Genesis Device's impact on a barren planet uses fractal geometry to generate the planet surface. The use of fractals would be revisited in Star Trek: First Contact where Data is ordered by Picard to lock out the main computer, in which Data uses a fractal encryption code which the Borg would be highly unlikely to break.
The opening to "Kill Bill Vol. 1" starts with the Klingon proverb Khan recites in this film: "Revenge is a dish best served cold".
In the song "Grade 9" by the Barenaked Ladies, they mention Wrath of Khan.
In an episode of The Critic, William Shatner is shown as the host of a fictional television show called Celebrity 911. He says that the episode will focus on actor James Caan, twitches for a moment, then yells "CAAAAAAAN!".
In his book Ranting Again, comedian Dennis Miller references "The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few."
In the Family Guy episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein," William Shatner stars in a production of Fiddler on the Roof but inexplicably shouts "Khaaan!" during his performance. In a later episode, "Road to Rupert" Stewie, fearing the death of his titular teddy bear, imagines himself as Kirk talking about Spock in the funeral scene stating "of all the souls I have encountered in my travels... his was the most... human". The homage continues to the point of showing Rupert shot out into space and dawn breaking over the planet.
In The Daily Show, Jon Stewart often yells "Khaaan!" when exasperated.
On the Robot Chicken episode "Deep End", a 80s sitcom called Two Kirks, A Khan, and A Pizza Place is featured, starring Kirk Cameron, Admiral Kirk and Khan. While working the register, Khan spills a soft drink, leading Kirk to bellowing Khan's name with a dramatic surge of music.

Margaret Mary "Maggie" Dixon (May 9, 1977 – April 6, 2006) was an American collegiate women's basketball coach.
Maggie Dixon was born in North Hollywood, California, and played basketball at Notre Dame High School. Dixon graduated in 1999 with a bachelor's degree in history from the University of San Diego, where she played for the women's basketball team. After an unsuccessful try out for the WNBA Los Angeles Sparks, she took up coaching, at the urging of her older brother. She became an assistant coach at DePaul University from 2001-2005.
In 2005, just 11 days before the 2005-2006 season, Dixon was hired as the women's basketball coach of the United States Military Academy. In her first year, they surprised the college basketball world by going 20-11 and winning the Patriot League conference tournament; she took them to 2006 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament as a 15 seed, where they lost to the University of Tennessee, 102-54. It was the first March Madness tournament appearance for any Army basketball team.
Her brother is Jamie Dixon, the head men's basketball coach of the University of Pittsburgh. In 2006, the Dixons became the first brother-sister pair to take teams to the NCAA basketball tournaments the same year, as Jamie's Pittsburgh Panthers also made the 2006 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. Her brother lost in the second round to Bradley.
On November 12, 2006 West Point held the 1st Annual Maggie Dixon Classic. It featured two games, a men's and women's game. In the men's game Jamie Dixon's Pitt Panthers defeated Western Michigan and in the women's game the Army women's team lost to Ohio State. The games were televised by ESPNU.

Tommy Svensson (born 4 March 1945) is a Swedish football manager and former player.
His playing career took him to Östers IF as well as Belgian Standard Liège. He was awarded Guldbollen in 1969 and played at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. After retiring, he started working as the Östers IF coach. He later had a successful period with Tromsø I.L., and became national team coach in 1991. He led the Swedish team to the 1992 European Football Championship semi final as well as a bronze medal at the 1994 FIFA World Cup. He continued with the national team until 1997, and later worked in television with match commentary as well as coaching Tromsø for a second period in 2001.
Tommy Svensson is the son of Stig Svensson and the uncle of Joachim Björklund.

Billy Idol (born William Michael Albert Broad, 30 November 1955 in Middlesex) is an English rock musician.
He first achieved fame in the punk rock era as a member of the band, " Generation X." He then embarked on a successful solo career, aided by a series of stylish music videos, making him one of the first stars on MTV. Billy continues to tour with guitarist, "Steve Stevens" and has a massive fan base all around the world.

Biography
William Broad chose the name, "Billy Idol" after remembering a comment a teacher had written on a report card. The teacher called William, "idle." It was a comment which would stay in William's mind for a long time. William realized he had to change the spelling of the word idle to idol for a few reasons. Eric Idle of Monty Python fame was quite popular at the time, and having the last name of "idle" would too closely resemble the comedians name. Billy chose to change, "idle" to, "idol" which implied that he was a, "rock idol." Many musicians during that time had a stage name. William admired people like Iggy Pop (James Newell Osterberg, Jr), David Bowie (David Robert Jones), Marc Bolan (Mark Feld), and "The Sex Pistols." John Lydon became, "Johnny Rotten" and John Simon Ritchie became, "Sid Vicious."
William progressed well with his studies and his family eventually moved to Bromley in Kent. In 1971, William transferred to the strict Ravensbourne Grammar school. He failed to achieve the necessary requirements for a place at University. His parents became quite upset and eventually enrolled him in a school that was more relaxed. William was allowed to re-take his placement exams at the Orpington College of Further Education. He could grow his hair out, and wouldn't have to wear a school uniform. He soon secured himself a place at Sussex University and took classes in English & Philosophy in Sept of 1975.
Punk rock erupted in England and William totally immersed himself in the scene. He became part of a Sex Pistols fan club called the Bromley Contingent. The club had a lot of admiration for the shocking & boundary breaking band, and wherever the Pistols went, so too did the Contingents.
In 1975, William decided to start his own band called, "The Rockettes." When William met Tony James, he decided to drop out of school to focus on music.
In the Summer of 1976 a fellow by the name of Gene October put an ad in the Melody Maker searching for guys who liked Television and the Ramones. William Broad soon joined Gene October (vocals), John Towe (drums) and Tony James (bass) to form the band, Chelsea. William would change his name to, "Billy Idol" and would be the bands guitar player.
In 1976, Billy and Tony James decided to leave Chelsea and form their own group. They formed a band with John Towe and started playing shows. Tony found a '60's paperback called, "Generation X, a romantic account of Mods and Rocker violence, under Billy's bed, and thought it would make a great name for the group.
Billy decided the band needed to find a guitarist so he could concentrate on being the groups lead singer. Billy spotted a young guitarist named, Bob "Derwood" Andrews from Fulham at a local youth club one night and asked him to join the group. John Towe eventually was kicked out of the band and the group replaced him with Mark Laff, who was playing with minimalist group Subway Sect.
The band became a big deal throughout London and eventually record caompanies started showing up at shows. Generation X was a very image-conscious band. They were more about the image than they were about the music. Tony even stated in an interview that he would never allow a fat person in the group.
Generation X signed to Chrysalis Records in 1977, and were on the rising to success when they crashed under the weight of it all. Generation X was the first punk band to appear on the BBC's "Top of the Pops" program. The band were on the rise, even touring in countries like Japan. The band went through many changes in personnel, and Billy and Tony also realised that their manager Stewart Joseph was mishandling their money.
Billy, Tony and new member Terry Chimes decided to carry on as a trio even though they needed a guitar player. Keith Forsey was brought in to help record and produce their third and final album. Steve Jones of Sex Pistols fame was brought in to play guitar on a few tracks. John McGeoch, guitar player from Siouxie & The Banshees was also brought in to help finish the album.
Dancing With Myself was released as a single in the UK but failed to become the big hit the band was waiting for. The band found new guitarist Steve Andrews and asked him to join the band. The new album was called, "Kiss Me Deadly" and in 1980, the band embarked on a short but successful tour.
Billy was also dating dancer, "Perri Lister" who became a major influence on his music. Perri was one of the original Blitz Kids along with Steve Strange. She had also been a dancer with Hot Gossip on the Kenny Everett show during the late 70's in England. Perri also starred in several music videos with Duran Duran and Def Leppard. Perri even started her own girl group called, "Boomerang." Even though Billy was never totally loyal to Perri, she would remain his girlfriend for close to nine years.

Early life and career
Like most bands, Generation X couldn't hold itself together and the members soon parted ways. Producer Keith Forsey and Manager Bill Aucoin, who was also managing Kiss at the time, took hold of Billy Idol's career and quickly moved him to New York in hopes of capturing an American audience.
The punk era had come and gone, and a lighter form of music called, ""New Wave"" was taking over. Radio stations wouldn't play a punk album, let alone an album with a spiky haired kid on the cover with peroxide dyed hair. Most music, even older punk acts were marketed as, "New Wave" so they would receive fair radio play.
A few of Billy's songs could be heard playing in the New York dance clubs. Dancing With Myself had been remixed, and Billy heard the song being played at a club one night. The idea was to capitalize on the songs popularity by re-releasing it on his own.
Keith Forsey and Billy Idol produced the, "Don't Stop" EP in 1980. (The EP was re-released in 1983 containing an interview with, "MTV" VJ, "Martha Quinn"). Billy became quite popular in the New York area and was building a name for himself. Since radio wouldn't play a, "punk" record Billy's single, "Mony Mony" was shipped to stations without his picture attached.
Billy was introduced to, "Steve Stevens" by manager Bill Aucoin. Steve was a guitarist who had been playing for a band called, "The Fine Malibus." They were also being managed by Bill Aucoin. Steve had recorded an album with the band that was due for release by Island Records, but the deal fell through and the album was shelved. Steve told Bill that he was quitting the band, but Bill talked him into putting together a new band. One name that kept popping up was, "Billy Idol." Bill Aucoin gave Steve some of Billy's music and setup a meeting between the two.
Billy's self titled LP was released in 1982. Billy was having a hard time getting played on the radio, and he knew he needed another outlet, and that outlet would be, a brand new music network called, "MTV." Billy became a household name when his videos for "White Wedding" and "Dancing with Myself" made their debut.
White Wedding sparked a bit of controversy over the wedding ring Billy places on Perri Lister's finger. The ring was intended to look sharp and cut Perri's finger as Billy slid it on. MTV wound up cutting that portion of the video out. Needless to say it no longer remains banned.
In 1983, "Dancing With Myself" was released in the U.S. in an effort to introduce Idol to American audiences not yet as familiar with him. The music-video (directed by Tobe Hooper, produced by Jeffrey Abelson, and conceptualized by Keith Williams - Texas Chainsaw Massacre) was played in heavy rotation on MTV for six months. The Dancing With Myself video sparked a whole new era of feature film directors that would try their hand at directing music videos.

Billy was featured in several MTV commercials saying, "I Want My MTV" which was MTV's main slogan in the early eighties. Most cable stations didn't include MTV when the network first got its start. People in rural parts of America didn't have the network available to them. These people were told to call to their cable providers telling them, "I Want My MTV."
"White Wedding" was rumored to be a "nasty put down" by Idol and then-girlfriend Perri Lister, directed at Idol's sister for thinking that getting married was the answer to getting pregnant. In the 2001 recording of VH1 Storytellers Idol refutes that, saying his sister's wedding was simply inspiration for the song, which quickly took on its own form. Years after the video, Idol's sister is still married with three children.
White Wedding is also a nickname for, "cocaine."
The video for, "Hot in the City" was also banned by MTV for it's use of imagery. The video featured Perri tied to a cross.
Billy appeared on MTV's New Years Eve special in 1983. He played, "Dancing With Myself."
It was about this time that Billy got his famous, "Octobarina" tattoo on his left arm. Octobarina is a Russian heroine, "The spirit of the October Revolution." Octobriana's mission was to fight for the Russian People, against the oppressive Soviet Government and all sorts of outlandish threats. The tattoo could be seen throught the Dancing With Myself video. New York
Idol's second LP, Rebel Yell (1984) was a blockbuster success, and established Idol's superstar status in the United States with hits like "Eyes Without a Face", "Flesh For Fantasy", and the title cut; Idol also became very popular in Europe thanks to this album and its singles, particularly in Germany, Italy, Switzerland and later in his native UK.
Billy got the idea for, "Rebel Yell" while he was at a party with the, "Rolling Stones." He saw one of the guys drinking some Kentucky straight burboun whisky called, "Rebel Yell" and thought it would be a great title for an album.
The band recorded the album at the, "Record Plant" in New York City. Billy, along with Stevens, bassist Steve Webster and producer Keith Forsey started laying down tracks but realized they needed to bring in a drummer. Thommy Price of the group, "Scandal" was playing in an adjacent studio. Forsey had Price drum on the, "Rebel Yell" album.

Perri Lister sings backup on, "Eyes Without a Face."
Steve Stevens also credits himself for coming up with the title and lyrics to, "Blue Highway."
Perri can be also be seen in the video for, "Rebel Yell." The song, "Rebel Yell" has been used in several movies and TV shows. The song appears in the first episode of Knight Rider called, "Dead of Knight (1984)." The song was also used in Sixteen Candles, The Wraith (1986), and Big (1988).
It was also during this period that Billy met Robin David Ludwig (The Hammer), the designer and creator of the famous Billy Idol jewelery collection. Most of the crucifixes you see Billy wear were designed by, "Robin the Hammer." The two of them are still close friends to this day.
Sesame Street parodied, "Rebel Yell" with a punk muppet singing, "Rebel L."
David Lee Roth has a Billy Idol lookalike in his video for, "Just a Gigolo." In the video Roth parodies the, "Dancing With Myself" video and pushes Idol into the reactors.
Billy appeared on the cover of, "Rolling Stone Magazine" issue number 440 in January of 1985. Rebel Yell
Billy released Whiplash Smile in 1986, which put him back on the charts. The album included the hits, "Don't Need A Gun" the country-flavored, "Sweet Sixteen and the William Bell and Booker T. Jones's Stax-era cover of, "To Be a Lover."
A remix album was released in 1987 called, "Vital Idol." The album had already been available in the UK two years prior to the US release. The album featured a live cover of Tommy James' "Mony Mony" (the studio. The single did well topping the US charts in 1987.
Billy has said in many interviews that, "Mony Mony" was the song he lost his virginity to. During Billy's live shows the crowd will usually chant, "Hey mother fucker, get laid get fucked" between each verse. You can catch a glimpse of Billy mouthing these words in the live video for, "Mony Mony."
Steve Stevens parted ways with Idol after Whiplash Smile. He claims that Billy's music was getting too synthesized and sequenced. Steve also thought that Billy was getting tense about all of the attenton he was getting as a guitar player. Stevens was offered a record deal through Warner Brothers that he couldn't refuse, so he decided it was time to split up with Idol.
Billy ran into trouble when he was busted by under cover police in New York City for carrying crack cocaine. A model by the name of, "Grace Hattersley" had been with him and held a press conference basically saying that she was involved with Billy Idol. Perri took the news quite bad, and decided to hold a press conference of her own, telling the world that she was Billy's girlfriend.
Perri and Billy wanted to get clean and start a new life. Billy had been addicted to heroin and cocaine, and the two decided it would be best to move from New York to LA. Billy got involved in the Hollywood nightlife, and Perri realized that Billy would never remain loyal.
Billy was involved in a relationship with a woman of the name Linda Mathis (born and raised in Pasadena, CA). Though there was a thirteen-year age difference, they began seeing each other regularly. At the age of 19, Linda became pregnant, and chose to move in with her mother to have her child. It was a girl named Bonnie Blue Broad, born August 21, 1989.

Weird Al Yankovic parodies, "Mony Mony" with his song, "Alimony," which appears on his album from 1988, "Even Worse." Whiplash Smile
When Billy and Perri moved to LA to start life over, Perri gave birth to their son, "Willem Wolfe Broad." Billy was still seeing other women, and even had a second house to go to for his affairs. Perri eventually left Billy in favor of a normal life.
In 1989, Following his breakup with Perri, Idol found his way to Thailand. Billy claimed that he could get any drug he wanted over there, and had many women at his disposal. Newspapers said that Idol left his suites at three deluxe hotels in Thailand in shambles during his visit, with damage estimated at more than $20,000. Idol first checked in at the Oriental Hotel in central Bangkok, where carpets and a television set were among the ruined items. He paid $3,200 in damages before moving on to another hotel. Billy was ejected from Bangkok with the help of the army after refusing to vacate a hotel penthouse where a three-week drug-and-sex spree had racked up a bill of about $250,000. It was reported that an important dignitary wanted his room and Billy refused to give it up.
Billy had been working on a new album for close to two years. In February of 1990, Billy was driving back to the studio to hear the final album, and was involved is a serious motorcycle accident. Billy had run a stop sign and collided with an oncoming vehicle. The accident almost cost Billy his leg. The doctor that first saw Billy was upset that someone had brought him down to look at a, "bum." It was explained to the doctor that the patient was, "Billy Idol." Billy's leg was cracked in three places and was suffering from a few broken ribs. His doctors managed to pull him through and save his leg.
The new album, "Charmed Life" was due for release and a video for the single, "Cradle of Love" had to be shot. The song had been featured in the Andrew Dice Clay film, "The Adventures of Ford Fairlane film)." Cradle of Love was going to be the title song for the movie.
Since Billy was unable to walk, director David Fincher decided to film Idol from the waist up. The video would feature footage of Billy singing in large frames throughout an apartment while the very young and beautiful Betsy Lynn George was trying to seduce a modest and mild mannered business-man. The video was a huge hit and was placed in heavy rotation on MTV. Billy and Betsy Lynn George recreated the opening of the video for the 1991 American Music Awards.
Billy had always been a huge Doors fan, and he was asked to take part in the new movie, "The Doors", directed by Oliver Stone. Billy was barely able to walk, therefore his part in the movie was trimmed down to a mere cameo, playing the role of, "Cat."
Against his doctors orders, Billy decided to tour behind the, "Charmed Life" album. Billy could be seen walking with a cane onstage. Billy got his personal jewelry maker, "Robin the Hammer" to customize a silver gauntlet for him. The gauntlet has, "La Vie Enchantee" etched in the wrist. Robin also designed a large cross/knife that can be seen in the, "Cradle of Love" video.
Billy's stage show was quite elaborate, Billy even had a new band featuring, Mark Younger-Smith as the new guitarist. A massive fist was designed to hang over the crowd. The words, "Rude Dude" were written across the fingers. During the show the fist would rotate and flip off the audience. The hand can be seen in the video for, "Prodigal Blues."

In 1991 Billy protested against motorcycle helmet laws in L.A.
Billy was also charged with assault after allegedly punching a woman in the face. In 1992, he pled guilty and paid a fine. Charmed Life
In 1993, Billy released Cyberpunk, which fell on deaf ears. Music had changed in 1993, and a lot of the bands that were popular in the eighties were now being pushed to the wayside in favor of the new, "Seattle" movement. Cyberpunk is considered to be ahead of its time by many people, and very experimental for that period. The album reportedly took 10 months to record.
Billy claims that punk rock journalists Legs McNeil interviewed him while he was in the hospital being treated for his leg. He called Billy a, "Cyberpunk" because of the muscle stimulator on his leg. He said it looked like man merging with machine. The critics slammed the album for many reasons, one being the over commercialization of the word, "Cyberpunk."
The album was recorded in a home studio using a Macintosh computer, which was a fairly new concept. Billy recorded the album with Mark Younger-Smith and producer Robin Hancock. Special editions of the album were issued with a floppy disc, which contained a screen saver.
Billy shot a concept video for, "Shock to the System." The video would feature Billy being attacked by several police for trying to videotape them beating up someone on the street. The idea of this goes back to the LA riots. Billy would then turn into a cyborg that scared away the police. A video EP was released to retail stores.
Billy had a lot of grand ideas for Cyberpunk and the short tour that followed. Billy changed his look during this period, growing a set of dreadlocks, and he had a lot of ideas about using, "Blendo" video footage during his show. This footage would be edited live on a computer to fit the music.
In 1994 Idol collapsed outside an LA nightclub overdosing on a drug called, GHB. GHB happened to be a legal drug at the time that weight-lifters used. The drug could bring you down, and would totally relax your body. Billy was into a lot of heavy drugs at the time and needed help.
After his overdose, Billy realized that his children would never forgive him for dying of a drug overdose, and he began to focus more on fatherhood. Idol never admits that he is totally off drugs, just that he has his habit under control. Idol claims to have first smoked marijuana at the age of 12, and he also says he took acid at the age of thirteen.

The album pays tribute to Lou Reed with Billy's cover of, "Heroin."
The Tour was called, "The No Religion Tour." Cyberpunk
Billy didn't want to release an album during this period because he was having a lot of problems with his record label. It was decided that he would wind up owing the record company money if he produced anything. EMI hired producer, Glenn Ballard to work with him on a new project, but Idol battled the label over creative differences and the album was put on hold.
In 1994 Billy and Steve Stevens contributed a song called, "Speed" to the soundtrack of the hit movie, "Speed." starring Keanu Reeves and Sandra Bullock. Even though Billy and Steve worked together on this track, a reunion was not in the works.
In 1996 Billy appeared in a live version of the Who's Quadrophenia, playing the part of, "The Ace Face/Cousin Kevin." Billy also started getting involved in cross country motorcycle rides, some of which involved riding for charity.
Idol returned to the popular eye in 1998, when he played himself in The Wedding Singer, an Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore 80s romantic comedy, where "White Wedding" was used as the title track.
In 2001 Billy reunited with guitarist Steve Stevens to write and record a new album. Billy and Steve started touring, which generated a lot of attention. It wasn't long until VH1 got involved.
Another Greatest Hits CD was issued in 2001. Keith Forsey's Don't You (Forget About Me) appears on the compilation. Although Forsey originally wrote it with Idol in mind, Idol turned it down and eventually the song was given to Simple Minds who would go on to make it a worldwide hit in 1985.
The Greatest Hits album also includes a live acoustic version of "Rebel Yell" which is taken from a performance at L.A. station KROQ's 1993 Acoustic Christmas concert. EMI expected the Greatest Hits album to sell around 100,000 copies. But it's sold more than 940,000 so far, according to SoundScan.
Vh1 aired, "Billy Idol - Behind the Music" on April 15th, 2001. The Behind the Music series was very popular at the time, and each band or artist that was featured on that program usually gained a resurgence of interest after the show had aired. Billy Idol and Steve Stevens were no exception.
On April 19th, 2001, Billy and Steve took part in a VH1 Storytellers show. The reunited duo set out to play a series of acoustic/storytellers shows prior to recording the Vh1 special. The acoustic tour was a big success, and Billy eventually started adding new material into the show. The TV show was broadcast sometime later. A DVD and CD were issued.

"The Great Gonzo" of the, "Muppets" sang, "Dancing With Myself" in the third season (1997-1998) of the short lived, "Muppets Tonight" TV show that aired on the, "Disney Channel." Dennis Quaid was hosting.
Fans noticed that the character, "Spike (Buffyverse)" on the, "Buffy the Vampire" television series played by actor, "James Marsters resembles, "Billy Idol." In the television show, Spike's real name is, "William the Bloody." The show makes reference to the comparissons saying that, "Billy" stole his look from, "Spike."
In 2000, Idol was invited to be one of the guest vocalists on Tony Iommi's album. He contributed vocals on the song Into The Night, which he also co-wrote.
Billy lent his voice to an animated movie, starring as Odin, a mysterious alien character, in the animated fantasy film Heavy Metal 2000.
On August 1st, 2001 Billy and Steve were asked to take part in MTV's twentieth birthday bash. They played, "Rebel Yell."
Billy starred in an IKEA commercial rapping to a song called, "Start it Up." Ikea's sales pitch during the commercial was, "Try Something Different."
Idol played the 2002 National Rugby League Grand final, when a power problem resulted in no one being able to hear him singing.
"White Wedding" appeared on popular videogame Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, playing on fictional Classic Rock radio station, K-DST.
Girl Group, "The Donnas" covered, "Dancing With Myself" for the, "Mean Girls" soundtrack (2004).
Todd McFarlane had a Billy Idol action figure listed on his website for release, but the figure never materialized. Todd is famous for creating the comic book character, "Spawn." He also has a successful toyline. The Devil's Playground

Discography

Don't Stop (EP) - 1981 #71 US
Billy Idol - 1982 #45 US
Rebel Yell - 1984 #2 UK / #6 US / #2 Germany / #40 Netherlands / #16 Switzerland
Vital Idol - 1987 #4 UK / #10 US (1987 release) / #8 Germany / #24 Switzerland
Whiplash Smile - 1986 #2 UK / #6 US / #9 Germany / #19 Netherlands / #4 Switzerland
Idol Songs: 11 of the Best - 1988 #2 UK / #14 Germany / #6 Switzerland
Charmed Life - 1990 #15 UK / #11 US / #5 Germany / #51 Netherlands / #4 Switzerland
Cyberpunk - 1993 #20 UK / #48 US / #13 Germany / #50 Netherlands / #15 Switzerland
Greatest Hits - 2001 #74 US / #12 Germany / #30 Switzerland
VH1's Storytellers: Billy Idol - 2002 #14 Germany / #76 Switzerland
Essential Billy Idol - 2003
Devil's Playground - 2005 #78 UK / #46 US / #15 Germany / #32 Switzerland
Happy Holidays - 2006 Albums
This was a video EP, containing the videos for, Prodigal Blues, Cradle of Love, LA Woman, and Hot in the City, and Mony Mony.

Vital Idol - The Videos - Released: April 27, 1988 (Not on DVD)
Billy Idol: The Charmed Life and Other Vital Videos - Released: July 1, 1991 (Not on DVD)
Billy Idol's Cyberpunk - Shock to the System - Released: June 29, 1993 (Not on DVD) - This was also a video EP VHS

Billy Idol - Vh1 Storytellers - Released: March 5, 2002 Singles

Coral Castle, a stone structure where Idol got his inspiration for his song "Sweet Sixteen".
Bromley Contingent

In Too Deep is a 1999 crime-drama film, written by Michael Henry Brown and Paul Aaron, and directed by Michael Rymer. This film stars LL Cool J, Omar Epps and Nia Long.

Synopsis
In Too Deep is a story about Dwayne Gittens (LL Cool J) who is an underworld boss so powerful that his nickname is God. He controls eighty percent of the drug traffic in Cincinnati, Ohio, controls many of his opponents through bribery or intimidation, and appears to be untouchable. A rookie police detective Jeffrey Cole (Omar Epps) is determined to be the man who brings down God's underworld empire. He goes undercover and assumes an identity that allows him to infiltrate God's organization. However, the longer Cole remains inside the underworld, the more he becomes a product of it.

The Chinese Room argument is a thought experiment designed by John Searle (1980 [1]) as a counterargument to claims made by supporters of strong artificial intelligence (see also functionalism).
Searle laid out the Chinese Room argument in his paper "Minds, brains and programs," published in 1980. Ever since, it has been a mainstay of the debate over the possibility of what Searle called strong artificial intelligence. Supporters of strong artificial intelligence believe that an appropriately programmed computer isn't simply a simulation or model of a mind; it actually counts as a mind. That is, it understands, has cognitive states, and can think. Searle's argument against (or more precisely, his thought experiment intended to undermine) this position, the Chinese Room argument, goes as follows:
Suppose that, many years from now, we have constructed a computer that behaves as if it understands Chinese. In other words, the computer takes Chinese characters as input and, following a set of rules (as all computers can be described as doing), correlates them with other Chinese characters, which it presents as output. Suppose that this computer performs this task so convincingly that it easily passes the Turing test. In other words, it convinces a human Chinese speaker that the program is itself a human Chinese speaker. All the questions the human asks are responded to appropriately, such that the Chinese speaker is convinced that he or she is talking to another Chinese-speaking human. The conclusion that proponents of strong AI would like to draw is that the computer understands Chinese, just as the person does.
Now, Searle asks us to suppose that he is sitting inside the computer. In other words, he is in a small room in which he receives Chinese characters, consults a rule book, and returns the Chinese characters that the rules dictate. Searle notes that he doesn't, of course, understand a word of Chinese. Furthermore, he argues that his lack of understanding goes to show that computers don't understand Chinese either, because they are in the same situation as he is. They are mindless manipulators of symbols, just as he is — and they don't understand what they're 'saying', just as he doesn't.

Thought experiments
In 1984 Searle produced a more formal version of the argument of which the Chinese Room forms a part. He listed four premises:
The second premise is supposedly supported by the Chinese Room argument, since Searle holds that the room follows only formal syntactical rules, and does not "understand" Chinese. Searle posits that these lead directly to four conclusions:
Searle describes this version as "excessively crude." There has been considerable debate about whether this argument is indeed valid. These discussions center on the various ways in which the premises can be parsed. One can read premise 3 as saying that computer programs have syntactic but not semantic content, and so premises 2, 3 and 4 validly lead to conclusion 1. This leads to debate as to the origin of the semantic content of a computer program.

Brains cause minds.
Syntax is not sufficient for semantics.
Computer programs are entirely defined by their formal, or syntactical, structure.
Minds have mental contents; specifically, they have semantic contents.
No computer program by itself is sufficient to give a system a mind. Programs, in short, are not minds, and they are not by themselves sufficient for having minds.
The way that brain functions cause minds cannot be solely in virtue of running a computer program.
Anything else that caused minds would have to have causal powers at least equivalent to those of the brain.
The procedures of a computer program would not by themselves be sufficient to grant an artifact possession of mental states equivalent to those of a human; the artifact would require the capabilities and powers of a brain. Replies
Although the individual in the Chinese room does not understand Chinese, perhaps the person and the room, including the rule book, considered together as a system, do.
Searle's reply to this is that someone might in principle memorize the rule book; they would then be able to interact as if they understood Chinese, but would still just be following a set of rules, with no understanding of the significance of the symbols they are manipulating. This leads to the interesting problem of a person being able to converse fluently in Chinese without "knowing" Chinese. Such a person would face the formidable task of learning when to say certain things (and learning a huge number of rules for "getting by" in a conversation) without understanding what the words mean. To Searle, the two are still clearly separate.
In Consciousness Explained, Daniel C. Dennett does not portray them as separate. He offers an extension to the systems reply, which is basically that Searle's example is intended to mislead the imaginer. We are being asked to imagine a machine which would pass the Turing test simply by manipulating symbols in a look-up table. It is highly unlikely that such a crude system could pass the Turing test. Of course, critics of Dennett have countered that a computer program is simply a logical list of commands, which could of course be put into a book and followed - just as a computer could follow them. So, if any computer program could pass the Turing test, then a person with the same instructions could also "pass" the test, except MUCH more slowly.
If the system were extended to include the various necessary detection-systems to lead to consistently sensible responses, and were presumably re-written into a massive parallel system rather than serial Von Neumann architecture, it quickly becomes much less "obvious" that there's no conscious awareness going on. For the Chinese Room to pass the Turing Test, either the operator would have to be supported by vast numbers of equal minions, or else the amount of time given to produce an answer to even the most basic question would have to be absolutely enormous—many millions or perhaps even billions of years.
The point made by Dennett is that by imagining "Yes, it's conceivable for someone to use a look-up table to take input and give output and pass the Turing Test," we distort the complexities genuinely involved to such an extent that it does indeed seem "obvious" that this system would not be conscious. However, such a system is irrelevant. Any real system able to genuinely fulfill the necessary requirements would be so complex that it would not be at all "obvious" that it lacked a true understanding of Chinese. It would clearly need to weigh up concepts and formulate possible answers, then prune its options and so forth until it would either look like a slow and detailed analysis of the semantics of the input or else it would just behave entirely like any other speaker of Chinese. So, according to Dennet's version of the system reply, unless we're forced to "prove" that a billion Chinese speakers are all more than massive parallel networks simulating a Von Neumann machine for output, we'll have to accept that the Chinese Room is every bit as much a "true" Chinese speaker as any Chinese speaker alive.

The robot reply

Wikibooks: Consciousness Studies
John Searle (1980) "Minds, Brains and Programs" -- original draft from Behavioral and Brain Sciences
John Searle (1983). "Can Computers Think?" in David Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings (Oxford, 2002), ISBN 0-19-514581-X, pp. 669-675.
John Searle (1984). Minds, Brains and Science: The 1984 Reith Lectures, Harvard University Press, hardcover: ISBN 0-67457631-4, paperback: ISBN 0-67457633-0
Stevan Harnad (2001) What's Wrong and Right About Searle's Chinese Room Argument in Bishop, M. and Preston, J., Eds. Essays on Searle's Chinese Room Argument. Oxford University Press.
Stevan Harnad (2005) Searle's Chinese Room Argument, in Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan.
Dissertation by Larry Stephen Hauser,
Searle's Chinese Box: Debunking the Chinese Room Argument. Larry Hauser. available at http://members.aol.com/lshauser2/chinabox.html
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy on The Chinese Room Argument
Philosophical and analytic considerations in the Chinese Room thought experiment
Interview in which Searle discusses the Chinese Room
Understanding the Chinese Room (critical) from Zompist.com

The following is a list of Governors of the State of Arkansas and Arkansas Territory. The Governor of Arkansas is the chief executive of the state, and commander-in-chief of its military forces. To be governor, one must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the United States, and have been a resident of the state for seven years. The governor has the power to veto bills passed by the legislature and to grant pardons in all cases, except for treason and impeachment.
The first state constitution, ratified in 1836, established four-year terms for governors and the requirement that they be residents of the state for ten years.
Until 1925, should the office of governor be rendered empty through death, resignation, removal, or other disability, the president of the state senate would act as governor, until such time as a new governor were elected or the disability removed, or the acting governor's senate term expired. This led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new presidents of the senate being elected. For example, William Kavanaugh Oldham served only six days in 1913 before he was replaced as president of the senate. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the state house of representatives.
Amendment 6 to the state constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, created the office of lieutenant governor, to be elected at the same time as governor for the same term. In case of removal of the governor, the lieutenant governor now became acting governor.
The current governor is Mike Beebe, who took office on January 9, 2007.
Arkansas was part of Louisiana Territory, later renamed Missouri Territory, from 1805 to 1819; see List of Governors of Missouri for this period.

Governors of Arkansas Territory
The state of Arkansas was admitted to the union on June 15, 1836.

Governors of Arkansas

Other high offices held
As of August 2007, five former governors were alive, the oldest being Dale Bumpers (1971–1975, born 1925). The most recent governor to die was Sid McMath (1949–1953), on October 4, 2003. The most recently-serving governor to die was Frank D. White (1981–1983), on May 21, 2003.

The Jubilee Line is a line on the London Underground ("the Tube"), in England. It was built in two major sections - initially to Charing Cross in Central London, and later extended in 1999 to Stratford in East London. The Jubilee Line Extension stations are generally notable for their exceptional size and safety features (both being attempts to future-proof the line).
The Jubilee Line is coloured silver/grey on the Tube map.

History
When the Jubilee Line was opened, it was operated by 1972 stock. In 1984 this was partially replaced by the new 1983 Stock, the displaced 1972 Stock being transferred to the Bakerloo Line. The 1983 Stock proved to be unreliable and troublesome in service, with single-leaf doors making passenger loading and unloading a slower process than on other stock with wider door openings. With the construction of the Jubilee Line Extension, the opportunity was taken to introduce new trains, and today the line is worked by 1996 stock, which is similar to the 1995 Stock in use on the Northern Line. The new stock has internal displays and automated announcements to provide passengers with information on the train's route - at first they simply listed the destination of the train, and subsequently also listing the name of the next station and interchanges there. Subsequent modifications also made the text scroll across the internal display instead of just appear in it.

Rolling stock
The Jubilee Line closed for a five-day period starting on 26 December 2005 in order to add an extra carriage to each of the six-car trains. The line had to be closed while this work was done as six and seven car trains could not run in service at the same time because the platform edge doors at JLE stations could not cater for both train lengths simultaneously. Additionally, an extra four complete trains were added to the fleet, bringing the total to 63. The result is a 17% increase in capacity at peak times, allowing 6,000 more passengers per day to use Jubilee Line services. The signalling system was also upgraded. Work was completed and the line reopened two days ahead of schedule, on 29 December 2005.

The 2005 upgrade
The line is scheduled to switch to automatic train operation in 2009, using the SelTrac system currently on in use on the Docklands Light Railway. Equipment installation and testing for this began in late 2006.

Future



Stations
Inside a 1996 Stock train on the Jubilee Line.
1996 tube stock units stable at Stratford Market Depot.
A Jubilee Line train calls at Canary Wharf station.
The ticket hall of Canary Wharf station.

Jens Christian Skou [⁽ˈ⁾jɛns kʰʁæsd̥jæn ˈsg̊ʌʊ̯ˀ] (born October 8, 1918) is a Danish chemist and Nobel laureate.
Skou was born in Lemvig, Denmark to a wealthy family. His father Magnus Martinus Skou was a timber and coal merchant. His mother Ane-Margrethe Skou took over the company after the death of his father. At the age of 15 Skou entered a boarding school in Haslev, Zealand. He graduated in medicine from the University of Copenhagen in 1944 and received his doctorate in 1954. He began working at the University of Aarhus in 1947 and was appointed professor of biophysics in 1977. He retired from the University of Aarhus in 1988, but has kept his offices at the institute.
In 1997 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker) for his discovery of Na-ATPase [1].
Skou had taken a few years away from his clinical training in the early 1950s to study the action of local anaesthetics. He had discovered that a substance's anaesthetic action was related to its ability to dissolve in a layer of the lipid part of the plasma membrane, the anaesthetic molecules affected the opening of sodium channels which he assumed to be protein. This, he argued, would affect the movement of sodium ions and make nerve cells inexcitable, thus causing anaesthesia.
Skou thought that other types of membrane protein might also be affected by local anaesthetics dissolving in the lipid part of the membrane. He therefore had the idea of looking at an enzyme which was embedded in the membrane and finding out if its properties were affected by local anaesthetics. He looked at ATPase in crab nerves.
The enzyme was there, but unfortunately its activity was very variable and he needed a highly active enzyme for his studies. Eventually he managed to discover that ATPase was most active when exposed to the right combination of sodium, potassium and magnesium ions. Only then did he realise that this enzyme might have something to do with the active moment of sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane. This idea had been postulated many years before, however, the mechanism was quite unknown.
Skou published his findings. However, in his paper he was wary of identifying the enzyme with the active ion movement, so he left out the term "sodium-potassium pump" from the title of his paper. Indeed, he seems only gradually to have realised the importance of his discovery, and he continued his studies on local anaesthetics.
In 1958 Skou went to a conference in Vienna to describe his work on cholinesterase. These he met Robert Post, who had been studying the pumping of sodium and potassium in red blood cells. Post had recently discovered that three sodium ions were pumped out of the cell for every two potassium ions pumped in, and in his research he had made use of a substance called ouabain which had recently been shown to inhibit the pump.
Post has not read Skou's paper but was excited when Skou told him about his work with ATPase. Post asked whether the enzyme was inhibited by ouabain. At this stage Skou was unaware that ouabain inhibited the pump, but he immediately telephoned to his lab and arranged for the experiment to be done. Ouabain did indeed inhibit the enzyme, thus establishing a link between the enzyme and the sodium-potassium pump.
He received a Noble prize in Chemistry for his work on the Sodium-potassium pump.

Tamaqua is a town in eastern Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.
The name Tamaqua is a Native American word that means "Land of the Running Water". It is the only community in the world to have this name.

Geography
It can also be considered as a gateway town to The Poconos, the Anthracite Region and major cities and communities in the area. Both U. S. Route 209 and Pennsylvania Route 309 pass directly through the center of Tamaqua. Route 309 North goes to Hazleton and into Wilkes-Barre, while Route 309 South leads to Allentown and on to Philadelphia.

Gateway to the Poconos
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,174 people, 3,179 households, and 1,901 families residing in the borough. The population density was 281.8/km² (729.9/mi²). There were 3,602 housing units at an average density of 141.5/km² (366.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.69% White, 0.18% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.30% of the population.
There were 3,179 households out of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.2% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.93.
The borough's population consisted of 21.8% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 21.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males.
The median income for a household in the borough was $27,899, and the median income for a family was $36,406. Males had a median income of $29,970 versus $20,637 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $15,752. About 11.1% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.1% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z  
Birmingham International railway station is located in the borough of Solihull, just east of the city of Birmingham in England.
The station is on the West Coast Main Line and serves both Birmingham International Airport and the National Exhibition Centre. The railway station lies next to the M42 motorway. The 'International' in its name refers to the airport, not to an international railway service. The station opened in 1975 and has regular train services to many parts of the country.
Virgin Trains provide services to London that originate from Birmingham or Wolverhampton. There is also a daily service each way from Manchester. Virgin Trains also provide services on the cross country line to Bournemouth, Reading, Birmingham, Manchester and Glasgow. Local services to Coventry and Birmingham are provided by Central Trains.



Connection to the National Exhibition Centre

Transport in Birmingham