Biography
Wallace was born in Brookville, Indiana, to David and Esther French Test Wallace. His father served as lieutenant governor and Indiana Governor; his stepmother, Zerelda Gray Sanders Wallace, was a prominent temperance and suffragist.
In 1836, at the age of nine, he joined his brother in Crawfordsville, Indiana where he briefly attended Wabash Preparatory School. Afterwards he joined his father in Indianapolis.
On May 6, 1852, Wallace married Susan Arnold Elston by whom he had one son, Henry Lane Wallace (born February 17, 1853). In 1856, he was elected to the State Senate after moving his residence to Crawfordsville.

Early life and career
At the start of the Civil War, Wallace was appointed state adjutant general and helped raise troops in Indiana. On April 25, 1861, he was appointed Colonel of the 11th Indiana Infantry. After brief service in western Virginia, he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on September 3 and given the command of a brigade.

Civil War
In February 1862, while preparing for an advance against Fort Henry, Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant sent two wooden gunboats (timberclads) down the Tennessee River for one last reconnaissance of the fort with Wallace aboard. In his report, Wallace noted an officer in the fort who was watching the Union ships as inquisitively as they were watching him. Little did Wallace know at that time the officer was Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, whom Wallace would replace as commander of Fort Henry in a few days. During the campaign Wallace's brigade was attached to Brig. Gen. Charles F. Smith's division and occupied Fort Heiman across the river from Fort Henry. Grant's superior, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, was concerned about Confederate reinforcements retaking the forts so Grant left Wallace with his brigade in command at Fort Henry while the rest of the army moved overland toward Fort Donelson.
Wallace was displeased to have been left behind so he had his troops ready to move out at a moment's notice. The order came on February 14 and when Wallace arrived along the Cumberland River he was placed in charge of organizing a division of reinforcements arriving on transports. He was able to organize two full brigades and a third incomplete, and took up position in the center of Grant's lines besieging Fort Donelson. During the fierce Confederate assault on February 15, Wallace coolly acted on his own initiative to send a brigade to reinforce the beleaguered division of Brig. Gen. John A. McClernand, despite orders from Grant to avoid a general engagement. This action was key in stabilizing the Union defensive line. After this Confederate assault had been check, Wallace led a counter attack which retook the ground that was lost. Wallace was promoted to major general to rank from March 21.

Forts Henry & Donelson
Wallace's most controversial command came at the Battle of Shiloh, where he continued as a division commander under Grant. Wallace's division had been left as reserves at a place called Stoney Lonesome to the rear of the Union line. At about 6 a.m., when Grant's army was surprised and virtually routed by the sudden appearance of the Confederate States Army under Albert Sidney Johnston, Grant sent orders for Wallace to move his unit up to support the division of William Tecumseh Sherman.
Here, the controversy begins. Wallace claimed that Grant's orders were unsigned, hastily written, and overly vague. There were two paths by which Wallace could move his unit to the front, and Grant (according to Wallace) did not specify which one he should take. Wallace chose to take the upper path, which was much less used and in considerably better condition, and which would lead him to the right side of Sherman's last known position. Grant later claimed that he had specified that Wallace take the lower path, though circumstantial evidence seems to suggest that Grant had forgotten that more than one path even existed.
Whatever the case, Wallace arrived at the end of his march only to find that Sherman had been forced back, and was no longer where Wallace thought he was. Moreover, he had been pushed back so far that Wallace now found himself in the rear of the advancing Southern troops. Nevertheless, a messenger from Grant arrived with word that Grant was wondering where Wallace was and why he had not arrived at Pittsburg Landing, where the Union was making its stand. Wallace was confused. He felt sure he could viably launch an attack from where he was and hit the Rebels in the rear. Nevertheless, he decided to turn his troops around and march back to Stoney Lonesome. For some reason, rather than realigning his troops so that the rear guard would be in the front, Wallace chose to countermarch his column; he argued that his artillery would have been greatly out of position to support the infantry when it would arrive on the field.
Wallace marched back to Stoney Lonesome, and arrived at 11 a.m. It had now taken him five hours of marching to return to where he started, with somewhat less rested troops. He then proceeded to march over the lower road to Pittsburg Landing, but the road had been left in terrible conditions by recent rainstorms and previous Union marches, so the going was extremely slow. Wallace finally arrived at Grant's position at about 7 p.m., at a time when the fighting was practically over. Grant was not pleased. Nevertheless, the Union came back to win the battle the following day. Wallace's division held the extreme right of the Union line and was the first to attack on April 7.
At first, there was little fallout from this. Wallace was the youngest general of his rank in the army and was something of a "golden boy." Soon, however, civilians in the North began to hear the news of the horrible casualties at Shiloh, and the Army needed explanations. Both Grant and his superior, Halleck, placed the blame squarely on Wallace, saying that his incompetence in moving up the reserves had nearly cost them the battle. Sherman, for his part, remained mute on the issue. Wallace was removed from his command in June and reassigned to the much less glamorous duty commanding the defenses of Cincinnati in the Department of the Ohio.

Shiloh
In July 1864, Wallace produced mixed results in the Battle of Monocacy Junction, part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864. His army (the Middle Department) was defeated by Confederate General Jubal A. Early, but was able to delay Early's advance toward Washington, D.C., to the point that the city defenses had time to organize and repel Early.
General Grant's memoirs assessed Wallace's delaying tactics at Monocacy:
Personally, Wallace was devastated by the loss of his reputation as a result of Shiloh. He worked desperately all his life to change public opinion about his role in the battle, going so far as to literally beg Grant to "set things right" in Grant's memoirs. Grant, however, like many of the others Wallace importuned, refused to change his opinion.

Later service
Wallace participated in the military commission trial of the Lincoln assassination conspirators as well as the court-martial of Henry Wirz, commandant of the Andersonville prison camp. He resigned from the army in November 1865. Late in the war, he directed secret efforts by the government to help the Mexicans remove the French occupation forces who had seized control of Mexico in 1864. He continued in those efforts more publicly after the war and was offered a major general's commission in the Mexican army after his resignation from the U.S. Army. Multiple promises by the Mexican revolutionaries were never delivered, which forced Wallace into deep financial debt.
Wallace held a number of important political posts during the 1870s and 1880s. He served as governor of New Mexico Territory from 1878 to 1881, and as U.S. Minister to the Ottoman Empire from 1881 to 1885. As governor, he offered amnesty to many men involved in the Lincoln County War; in the process he met with Billy the Kid (Henry McCarty). On 17 March 1879, the pair arranged that Kid would act as an informant and testify against others involved in the Lincoln County War, and, in return, Kid would be "scot free with a pardon in [his] pocket for all [his] misdeeds." But the Kid returned to his outlaw ways and Governor Wallace withdrew his offer. While serving as governor, Wallace completed the novel that made him famous: Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1880). It grew to be the best-selling American novel of the 19th century. The book has never been out of print and has been filmed four times.
Recently, historian Victor Davis Hanson has argued that the novel was based heavily on Wallace's own life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh and the damage it did to his reputation. There are some striking similarities: the book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking commander, for which he and his family suffer no end of tribulations and calumny. Ben-Hur was the first work of fiction to be blessed by a pope.
Wallace died, likely from cancer, in Crawfordsville, Indiana, and is buried there in Oak Hill Cemetery. A marble statue of him dressed in a military uniform by sculptor Andrew O'Connor was placed in the National Statuary Hall Collection by the state of Indiana in 1910 and is currently located in the west side of the National Statuary Hall.

Postwar career

The Fair God; or, The Last of the 'Tzins: A Tale of the Conquest of Mexico (Boston: James R. Osgood and Company), 1873.
Commodus: An Historical Play ([Crawfordsville, IN?]: privately published by the author), 1876. (revised and reissued again in the same year)
Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (New York: Harper & Brothers), 1880.
The Boyhood of Christ (New York: Harper & Brothers), 1888.
Life of Gen. Ben Harrison (bound with Life of Hon. Levi P. Morton, by George Alfred Townsend), (Cleveland: N. G. Hamilton & Co., Publishers), 1888.
Life of Gen. Ben Harrison (Philadelphia: Hubbard Brothers, Publishers), 1888.
Life and Public Serives of Hon. Benjmain Harrison, President of the U.S. With a Concise Biographical Sketch of Hon. Whitelaw Reid, Ex-Minister to France [by Murat Halstad] (Philadelphia: Edgewood Publishing Co.), 1892.
The Prince of India; or, Why Constantinople Fell (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers), 1893. 2 volumes
The Wooing of Malkatoon [and] Commodus (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers), 1898.
Lew Wallace: An Autobiography (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers), 1906. 2 volumes Notes

Leepson, Marc, Desperate Engagement: How a Little-Known Civil War Battle Saved Washington, D.C., and Changed American History, Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2007, ISBN 0-312-36364-8.

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a dedicated function. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. In terms of complexity embedded systems run from simple, with a single microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
Mobile phones or handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems, such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them, but are not truly embedded systems themselves because they tend to be more general purpose, allowing different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected.

Examples of embedded systems
In the earliest years of computers in the 1940s, computers were sometimes dedicated to a single task, but were too large to be considered "embedded". Over time however, the concept of programmable controllers developed from a mix of computer technology, solid state devices, and traditional electromechanical sequences.
The first recognizably modern embedded system was the Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project. The use of the then new monolithic integrated circuits, to reduce the size and weight, increased this risk.
The first mass-produced embedded system was the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer for the Minuteman missile, released in 1961. It was built from transistor logic and had a hard disk for main memory. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new computer that was the first high-volume use of integrated circuits. This program alone reduced prices on quad nand gate ICs from $1000/each to $3/each, permitting their use in commercial products.
Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in price. There has also been an enormous rise in processing power and functionality. For example the first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, which found its way into calculators and other small systems, but required external memory and support chips.
In 1978 National Engineering Manufacturers Association released the standard for a programmable microcontroller. The definition was an almost any computer-based controller. They included single board computers, numerical controllers, and sequential controllers in order to perform event-based instructions.
By the mid-1980s, many of the previously external system components had been integrated into the same chip as the processor, resulting in integrated circuits called microcontrollers, and widespread use of embedded systems became feasible.
As the cost of a microcontroller fell below $1, it became feasible to replace expensive knob-based analog components such as potentiometers and variable capacitors with digital electronics controlled by a small microcontroller with up/down buttons or knobs. By the end of the 80s, embedded systems were the norm rather than the exception for almost all electronics devices, a trend which has continued since.

History
1) Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reason such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
2) Embedded systems are not always separate devices. Most often they are physically built-in to the devices they control.
3) The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and is stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory.

Characteristics
Embedded systems range from no user interface at all - dedicated only to one task - to full user interfaces similar to desktop operating systems in devices such as PDAs.

User interfaces
Simple embedded devices use buttons, LEDs, and small character- or digit-only displays, often with a simple menu system.

Simple systems
A full graphical screen, with touch sensing or screen-edge buttons provides flexibility while minimising space used: the meaning of the buttons can change with the screen, and selection involves the natural behavior of pointing at what's desired.
Handheld systems often have a screen with a "joystick button" for a pointing device.
The rise of the World Wide Web has given embedded designers another quite different option: providing a web page interface over a network connection. This avoids the cost of a sophisticated display, yet provides complex input and display capabilities when needed, on another computer. This is successful for remote, permanently installed equipment. In particular, routers take advantage of this ability.

In more complex systems
Embedded processors can be broken into two distinct categories: microprocessors (μP) and microcontrollers (μC). Microcontrollers have built-in peripherals on the chip, reducing size of the system.
There are many different CPU architectures used in embedded designs such as ARM, MIPS, Coldfire/68k, PowerPC, x86, PIC, 8051, Atmel AVR, Renesas H8, SH, V850, FR-V, M32R, Z80, Z8, etc. This in contrast to the desktop computer market, which is currently limited to just a few competing architectures.
PC/104 and PC/104+ are a typical base for small, low-volume embedded and ruggedized system design. These often use DOS, Linux, NetBSD, or an embedded real-time operating system such as MicroC/OS-II, QNX or VxWorks.
A common configuration for very-high-volume embedded systems is the system on a chip (SoC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), for which the CPU core was purchased and added as part of the chip design. A related scheme is to use a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and program it with all the logic, including the CPU.

CPU platform
Embedded Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals, such as:

Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc
Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC and ESSI
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Networks: Controller Area Network, LonWorks, etc
Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
Discrete IO: aka General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) Peripherals
As for other software, embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and debuggers to develop embedded system software. However, they may also use some more specific tools:
Software tools can come from several sources:
As the complexity of embedded systems grows, higher level tools and operating systems are migrating into machinery where it makes sense. For example, cellphones, personal digital assistants and other consumer computers often need significant software that is purchased or provided by a person other than the manufacturer of the electronics. In these systems, an open programming environment such as Linux, NetBSD, OSGi or Embedded Java is required so that the third-party software provider can sell to a large market.

In circuit debuggers or emulators (see next section).
Utilities to add a checksum or CRC to a program, so the embedded system can check if the program is valid.
For systems using digital signal processing, developers may use a math workbench such as MATLAB, Simulink, MathCad, or Mathematica to simulate the mathematics.
Custom compilers and linkers may be used to improve optimisation for the particular hardware.
An embedded system may have its own special language or design tool, or add enhancements to an existing language.
Software companies that specialize in the embedded market
Ported from the GNU software development tools
Sometimes, development tools for a personal computer can be used if the embedded processor is a close relative to a common PC processor Debugging
Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously for years without errors, and in some cases recover by themselves if an error occurs. Therefore the software is usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and unreliable mechanical moving parts such as disk drives, switches or buttons are avoided.
Recovery from errors may be achieved with techniques such as a watchdog timer that resets the computer unless the software periodically notifies the watchdog.
Specific reliability issues may include:

The system cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too inaccessible to repair. Solutions may involve subsystems with redundant spares that can be switched over to, or software "limp modes" that provide partial function. Examples include space systems, undersea cables, navigational beacons, bore-hole systems, and automobiles.
The system must be kept running for safety reasons. "Limp modes" are less tolerable. Often backups are selected by an operator. Examples include aircraft navigation, reactor control systems, safety-critical chemical factory controls, train signals, engines on single-engine aircraft.
The system will lose large amounts of money when shut down: Telephone switches, factory controls, bridge and elevator controls, funds transfer and market making, automated sales and service. Reliability
For high volume systems such as portable music players or mobile phones, minimizing cost is usually the primary design consideration. Engineers typically select hardware that is just "good enough" to implement the necessary functions.
For low-volume or prototype embedded systems, general purpose computers may be adapted by limiting the programs or by replacing the operating system with a real-time operating system.

High vs Low Volume
There are several different types of software architecture in common use.

Embedded software architectures
In this design, the software simply has a loop. The loop calls subroutines, each of which manages a part of the hardware or software.

Simple control loop
Some embedded systems are predominantly interrupt controlled. This means that tasks performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of events. An interrupt could be generated for example by a timer in a predefined frequency, or by a serial port controller receiving a byte.
These kinds of systems are used if event handlers need low latency and the event handlers are short and simple.
Usually these kinds of systems run a simple task in a main loop also, but this task is not very sensitive to unexpected delays. The tasks performed in the interrupt handlers should be kept short to keep the interrupt latency to a minimum.
Sometimes longer tasks are added to a queue structure in the interrupt handler to be processed in the main loop later. This method brings the system close to a multitasking kernel with discrete processes.

Interrupt controlled system
A nonpreemptive multitasking system is very similar to the simple control loop scheme, except that the loop is hidden in an API. The programmer defines a series of tasks, and each task gets its own environment to "run" in. Then, when a task is idle, it calls an idle routine (usually called "pause", "wait", "yield", "nop" (Stands for no operation), etc.).
The advantages and disadvantages are very similar to the control loop, except that adding new software is easier, by simply writing a new task, or adding to the queue-interpreter.

Cooperative multitasking
In this type of system, a low-level piece of code switches between tasks based on a timer. This is the level at which the system is generally considered to have an "operating system", and introduces all the complexities of managing multiple tasks running seemingly at the same time.
Any piece of task code can damage the data of another task; they must be precisely separated. Access to shared data must be controlled by some synchronization strategy, such as message queues, semaphores or a non-blocking synchronization scheme.
Because of these complexities, it is common for organizations to buy a real-time operating system, allowing the application programmers to concentrate on device functionality rather than operating system services.

Preemptive multitasking
A microkernel is a logical step up from a real-time OS. The usual arrangement is that the operating system kernel allocates memory and switches the CPU to different threads of execution. User mode processes implement major functions such as file systems, network interfaces, etc.
In general, microkernels succeed when the task switching and intertask communication is fast, and fail when they are slow.
Exokernels communicate efficiently by normal subroutine calls. The hardware, and all the software in the system are available to, and extensible by application programmers.

Microkernels and exokernels
In this case, a relatively large kernel with sophisticated capabilities is adapted to suit an embedded environment. This gives programmers an environment similar to a desktop operating system like Linux or Microsoft Windows, and is therefore very productive for development; on the downside, it requires considerably more hardware resources, is often more expensive, and because of the complexity of these kernels can be less predictable and reliable.
Common examples of embedded monolithic kernels are Embedded Linux and Windows CE.
Despite the increased cost in hardware, this type of embedded system is increasing in popularity, especially on the more powerful embedded devices such as Wireless Routers and GPS Navigation Systems. Here are some of the reasons:

Ports to common embedded chip sets are available.
They permit re-use of publicly available code for Device Drivers, Web Servers, Firewalls, and other code.
Development systems can start out with broad feature-sets, and then the distribution can be configured to exclude unneeded functionality, and save the expense of the memory that it would consume.
Many engineers believe that running application code in user mode is more reliable, easier to debug and that therefore the development process is easier and the code more portable.
Many embedded systems lack the tight real time requirements of a control system. A system such as Embedded Linux has fast enough response for many applications.
Features requiring faster response than can be guaranteed can often be placed in hardware.
Many RTOS systems have a per-unit cost. When used on a product that is or will become a commodity, that cost is significant. Exotic custom operating systems

Communications server
Embedded operating systems
System on module
System on chip
Firmware
Information appliance
Microprocessor
Programming languages
Real-time operating system
Software engineering
Ubiquitous computing

The American Football Coaches Association is an association of football coaches on all levels and is responsible for the Coaches Poll that determines the national champion each year. The American Football Coaches Association is also responsible for the Top 25 poll for Division II and Division III.
The AFCA was founded in a meeting for 43 coaches at the Hotel Astor in New York City on Dec. 27, 1921. It is headquartered in Waco, Texas (the headquarters building is located across from Baylor University, formerly coached by AFCA executive director Grant Teaff).
Maj. Charles Daly of the U.S. Military Academy was the first president. He was followed by John Heisman. Other presidents have included Bear Bryant, Darrell Royal, Eddie Robinson, Bo Schembechler and Vince Dooley. The 2006 president is Mel Tjeerdsma.
In 2006 the Association has 10,000 members and represents coaches at all levels including the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics, the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, the National Junior College Athletic Association, the National Federation of State High School Associations, the National Football League, the Canadian Football League, USA Football, the National Football Foundation, College Football Hall of Fame, and Pop Warner Football.
Since 1940 it has awarded the annual Amos Alonzo Stagg Award to the "individual, group or institution whose services have been outstanding in the advancement of the best interests of football."
The Association has established a code of ethics and has made safety recommendations. It teams with USA Today and ESPN for the Division I-A Coaches Poll.

All-American Teams
The AFCA National Championship Trophy is the trophy awarded by the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) to the winner of college football's BCS National Championship Game, which determines the national champion for purposes of the Coaches Poll. The trophy has been awarded since 1986.
The trophy consists of a Waterford Crystal football affixed to an ebony base, and carries a value of over $30,000. The winning school retains permanent possession of the trophy, as a new one is awarded every year.
The trophy has undergone several sponsorship changes over the years. It was sponsored by the Gerrits Foundation during the initial 1986 and 1987 seasons. Pepsi came aboard as a co-sponsor in 1988 and 1989. McDonald's was the sole sponsor from 1990 until 1992. Sears became the trophy's sponsor in 1993 and remained so until 2001. Circuit City assumed sponsorship duties for the 2002 season. ADT Security Services, the current sponsor, took over in 2003.
As the sponsor obtains naming rights to the trophy, its current name is actually the "ADT National Championship Trophy."

AFCA National Championship Trophy
The Amos Alonzo Stagg Award is presented annually by the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) to the "individual, group or institution whose services have been outstanding in the advancement of the best interests of football.'' The award is named in honor of Amos Alonzo Stagg, who was instrumental in founding the AFCA in the 1920s.

Amos Alonzo Stagg Award

1940 Donald Herring, Jr.
1941 William H. Cowell (posthumously)
1942 No award given
1943 No award given
1944 No award given
1945 No award given
1946 Grantland Rice
1947 William A. Alexander
1948 Gilmour Dobie, Glenn S. "Pop" Warner, Robert C. Zuppke
1949 Richard C. Harlow
1950 No award given
1951 DeOrmond "Tuss" McLaughry
1952 A.N. "Bo" McMillin
1953 Lou Little
1954 Dana X. Bible
1955 Joseph J. Tomlin
1956 No award given
1957 Gen. Robert R. Neyland
1958 Bernie Bierman
1959 Dr. John W. Wilce
1960 Harvey J. Harman
1961 Ray Eliot
1962 E.E. "Tad" Wieman
1963 Andrew Kerr
1964 Don Faurot
1965 Harry Stuhldreher
1966 Bernie H. Moore
1967 Jess Neely
1968 Abe Martin
1969 Charles A. "Rip" Engle
1970 Lynn "Pappy" Waldorf
1971 Bill Murray
1972 Jack Curtice
1973 Lloyd Jordan
1974 Alonzo S. "Jake" Gaither
1975 Gerald B. Zornow
1976 No award given
1977 Floyd "Ben" Schwartzwalder
1978 Tom Hamilton
1979 H.O. "Fritz" Crisler
1980 No award given
1981 Fred Russell
1982 Eddie Robinson
1983 Paul W. "Bear" Bryant
1984 Charles B. "Bud" Wilkinson
1985 Duffy Daugherty
1986 Woody Hayes
1987 Field Scovell
1988 G. Herbert McCracken
1989 David Nelson
1990 Len Casanova
1991 Bob Blackman
1992 Charles McClendon
1993 Keith Jackson
1994 Bob Devaney
1995 John Merritt
1996 Chuck Neinas
1997 Ara Parseghian
1998 Bob Reade
1999 Bo Schembechler
2000 Tom Osborne
2001 Vince Dooley
2002 Joe Paterno
2003 LaVell Edwards
2004 Ron Schipper
2005 Hayden Fry
2006 Grant Teaff
2007 Bill Curry
2008 Bill Walsh (posthumously) Winners
The Tuss McLaughry Award, established in 1964, is given to a distinguished American (or Americans) for the highest distinction in service to others. It is named in honor of DeOrmond "Tuss" McLaughry, the first full-time secretary-treasurer of the AFCA and one of the most dedicated and influential members in the history of the Association.
Tuss McLaughry, the award's namesake, began his coaching career at his alma mater, Westminster (Pa.) College in 1916. During his early days in coaching, McLaughry spent his spare time playing pro football with the Massillon (Ohio) Tigers. Knute Rockne was a teammate. He went on to become head coach at Amherst (1922-25), Brown (1926-40), and Dartmouth (1941-55). McLaughry retired from coaching in 1954, but continued in his capacity as chairman of the Physical Education Department at Dartmouth until 1960, when he accepted the appointment with the AFCA. He retired from that position in 1965.

The Bataan Death March (also known as The Death March of Bataan) was a Japanese war crime involving the forcible transfer of prisoners of war -- with wide-ranging abuse and high fatalities -- by Japanese forces in the Philippines in 1942. The march occurred after the three-month Battle of Bataan, part of the Battle of the Philippines (1941-42), during World War II. In Japanese, it is known as Batān Shi no Kōshin (バターン死の行進, Batān Shi no Kōshin), with the same meaning.
[Note on correct pronunciation. Filipino (Tagalog) speakers pronounce "Bataan" as (phonetically) "Bata-An".]

The Fall of Bataan
Although General Homma and Kawane had expected 25,000 prisoners of war, the Allied garrison at Bataan consisted of more than 75,000 (66,000 Filipinos and 11,796 Americans) starving and malaria-stricken men. During the battle, only 27,000 of these men were listed as "combat effective". Even then, three fourths of this number were still affected by malaria. As a result, the Japanese army met great difficulties in transporting these prisoners from the beginning. Distributing food was also almost impossible and many were fed nothing. 4,000 sick or wounded captives were in such bad condition that they had to stay behind to be treated by the Japanese at Bataan. A shortage of manpower and supplies on the part of the Japanese, who were now laying siege to Corregidor, raised confusion and irritation amongst the guards as many prisoners escaped. At most, only 4 Japanese soldiers could accompany each group of 300 prisoners. The march to Balanga, which was to take only one day, lasted three days for some soldiers.
After reaching Balanga, it became obvious to General Kawane that his trucks could not carry more than half of the prisoners to the rail center at San Fernando. Since most of the other vehicles the Japanese had brought to the Philippines were either in repair or being used for the Battle of Corregidor, those who could not get a ride were forced to continue marching for more than 30 miles on completely unshaded roads that were sometimes made of asphalt. The thick dust swirling in the air would make it difficult for the prisoners to see and breathe while those who were walking barefoot had their feet burned on the molten asphalt. Men who refused to abandon their belongings were the first to fall. The last nine miles of the march from the town of Lubao to San Fernando were among the hardest the men would ever walk.
Those who were able to reach San Fernando alive were then locked into makeshift prisons where they were finally able to receive some level of proper and adequate medical care, food, and rest. Soon after this, however, the prisoners were jammed into freight trains that took them to Capas. Vomiting was frequent during the ride as some were even crammed or suffocated to death. After the three hour trip, which included few stops for rest, the prisoners then marched the 8 mile road to Camp O'Donnell.
Through the duration of nine days, a majority of the disease and grief-stricken Filipino and American prisoners were forced to march as much as two-thirds of the 90 miles that separated Bataan from Camp O'Donnell. Those few who were lucky enough to travel to San Fernando on trucks still had to endure more than 25 miles of marching. Prisoners were beaten randomly, and were often denied the food and water they were promised. Those who fell behind were usually executed or left to die; the sides of the roads became littered with dead bodies and those begging for help. A number of prisoners were further diminished by malaria, heat, dehydration, and dysentery. It should be noted, however, that many of the soldiers who accompanied the prisoners of war were not only Japanese, but Korean. Since they were not trusted by the Japanese to fight on the battlefield, most Koreans in the Japanese army were forbidden to participate in combat roles and delegated to such service duties as guarding prisoners. As one prisoner recalled, "The Korean guards were the most abusive... the Koreans were anxious to get blood on their bayonets; and then they thought they were veterans."

The Death March
On June 6, 1942 the Filipino soldiers were granted amnesty by the Japanese military and released. The American prisoners continued to be held, eventually to be transferred to camps outside of the Philippines. The start of this process began with American prisoners moving from Camp O'Donnell to Cabanatuan. Acting as a staging camp, many of these American prisoners then were sent from Cabanatuan to prison camps in Japan, Korea, and Manchuria in transports known as "Hell Ships." The 511 prisoners-of-war who still resided at the Cabanatuan Prison Camp as of January 1945 were freed during an attack on the camp led by United States Army Rangers later known as The Great Raid.

War Crimes Trial

Commemorations

Every year on April 9, the captured soldiers are honored on Araw ng Kagitingan ("Day of Valor"), also known as the "Bataan Day", which is a national holiday in the Philippines.
In Capas, Tarlac there is the Capas National Shrine built in the grounds surrounding Camp O'Donnell.
There is also a shrine in Bataan named Dambana ng Kagitingan ("Shrine of Valor") commemorating this event. The shrine has a colonnade that houses an altar, esplanade, and a museum. There is also a Memorial Cross built towering 92 meters in height. The Philippines
The Bataan Death March is commemorated every year at White Sands Missile Range just outside of Las Cruces, New Mexico. The march, which covers 26.2 miles via paved road and sandy trails, allows 4000 entrants from both civilian and many military units both International and the United States armed services. Several of the few remaining Bataan prisoners await the competitors to congratulate them on their success of the grueling march.

New Mexico, USA
The 194th's Company A was deployed to the Philippines in the fall of 1941. To commemorate the military and civilian prisoners that were forced to march from Bataan to Camp O'Donnell, an annual Bataan Memorial March, organized by the 194th Armor Regiment of the Minnesota Army National Guard and is held in Brainerd, MN. The march is open to anyone who wishes to participate with ten and twenty mile distances. The march has different categories consisting of teams, individuals, light pack, or a heavy pack. A closing ceremony is held at the end to award the finishers and pay tribute to the survivors and their comrades who did not survive the death march.

Memorials

Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)
USS Bataan (LHD-5)
USS Bataan (CVL-29)
San Fernando City, Pampanga
List of Japanese war atrocities
Category:Bataan Death March prisoners
The March (1945)
The Great Raid (2005)
Ghost Soldiers

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body, UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment and development issues.
The organization's goals are to "maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis." (from official website). The creation of the conference was based on concerns of developing countries over the international market, multi-national corporations, and great disparity between developed nations and developing nations.
In the 1970s and 1980s UNCTAD was closely associated with the idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO).
Currently, UNCTAD has 191 member States and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. UNCTAD has 400 staff members and an annual regular budget of approximately US$50 million and US$25 million of extrabudgetary technical assistance funds.

Other

World record holder (shared)
Kimberly "Kim" Susan Rhode (born July 16, 1979) is an American double trap and skeet shooter. A California native, she is a two-time Olympic gold medal winner and six-time national champion in double trap. She was the youngest member of the U.S. Olympic team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. Most recently she won a gold medal in double trap shooting at the 2004 Summer Games.
Born in Whittier, California, Rhode began sport hunting at an early age, traveling on African safaris by the age of 12. At 13, she won her first world championship title in women's double trap shooting. Rhode won a gold medal at the 1996 Summer Games, making her the youngest female gold medalist in the history of Olympic shooting. She later won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Rhode also won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
After double trap shooting was eliminated from the Olympic games, she has concentrated on skeet. At the 2007 world cup competitions in Santo Domingo, she set a new final world record in this event with 98 hits (73 in the qualification round and a perfect 25 in the final).
Rhode is co-host of the Outdoor Channel's TV program Step Outside.. Rhode is currently studying to become a veterinarian at Cal Poly Pomona university.

The Singapore national rugby union team represents Singapore in international rugby union. They have yet to make their debut at the Rugby World Cup, though since the 1995 Rugby World Cup, Singapore have been participating in qualification competitions.

World Cup record

2003 Rugby World Cup - Asia qualification
2007 Rugby World Cup - Asia qualification

Orohippus (Gr., "mountain horse") is an extinct ancestor of the modern horse that lived in the Eocene (about 50 million years ago).
It is believed to have evolved from animals like Hyracotherium, as the earliest evidence for Orohippus appears about 2 million years after the first appearance of Hyracotherium. The anatomical differences between the two are slight: they were the same size, but Orohippus had a slimmer body, a more elongated head, slimmer forelimbs and longer hind legs, all of which are characteristics of a good jumper. The upper premolars of Orohippus are more molariform (flat-surfaced) than in Hyracotherium, giving Orohippus more teeth for grinding, and the crests on the teeth are more pronounced, indicating that Orohippus probably fed on tougher plants. The outer toes of Hyracotherium are no longer present in Orohippus, hence on each forelimb there were four fingers (toes) and on each hind leg three toes.
Orohippus has also been referred to as Protorohippus.

Merrill Church Meigs (November 25, 1883 - January 26, 1968) was the executive of the Chicago Herald and Examiner in the 1920s. Inspired to become a pilot by Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, he became a booster of Chicago as a world center of aviation. He gave flying lessons to President Harry S. Truman.
Meigs (pronunciation: "Megz" - rhymes with "eggs") grew up on a farm near Malcom, Illinois, where he was more interested in the mechanical devices used to raise crops than actually farming. In 1901, he took a job as a salesman for the J.I. Case Threshing Machine Company in Racine, Wisconsin. Within a year, he was in charge of the company's sales for South America. Despite never graduating from high school, Meigs was allowed to enroll at the University of Chicago, where he played football under Amos Alonzo Stagg and also played baseball and water polo. While at the college, he would also be the campus correspondent for the Chicago Herald and Examiner, of which he would become the executive later in his life.
As head of the Chicago Aero Commission, Meigs insisted that in addition to Midway Airport (then called Municipal Airport) and O'Hare Field (then called Orchard-Douglas), the city needed an airfield within ten minutes of the Loop. It opened in December of 1948 and was renamed Meigs Field the following year.
Meigs retired in 1962 and became a consultant to the newspaper industry. He died at age 84.

Sir Frederick Ernest Gibberd (b. 1908 in Coventry, Warwickshire - d. 1984) was an English architect and landscape designer.
A good friend of Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe, Gibberd's work was influenced by Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and F.R.S. Yorke. He set up in practice in 1930, designing Pullman Court, Streatham Hill, London (1934–6), a low-cost housing development which launched his career. With the success of this scheme, Gibberd became established as the 'flat' architect and went on to build several other schemes including Park Court at Sydenham and Ellington Court at Southgate, continuing to practice until the outbreak of the Second World War.
Gibberd and Yorke collaborated on a number of publications including the influential book 'The Modern Flat' which was published in 1937 and featured the then newly completed Pullman Court and Park Court, as well as many other European examples.
He was consultant architect planner for the Harlow development and spent the rest of his life living in the town he had designed.
In 1953 he published "Town Design," a book on the forms, processes, and history of the subject.

Allister Hogg (born 20 January 1983, in Stirling, Scotland) plays rugby union at either flanker or number eight for Edinburgh Gunners and Scotland, and makes a formidable partnership with Simon Taylor at both club and country level.
Allister made his debut against Wales at Cardiff in 2004, a match Scotland lost 23-10, aged 21.
A product of Stirling High School, Allister has also played basketball for Scotland at under-16 level. He graduated from Telford College in Edinburgh with an HND in Sports Coaching & Sports Development.
Despite being only 22 years old, Allister Hogg has established himself as one of Scotland's best players. His pace, strength, skill, and work ethic have already gone some way to gaining him international recognition. All Blacks open-side flanker Richie McCaw rated him as one of the best back rows in the game, shortly after he missed being selected for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour of New Zealand.

The University of Wisconsin-Green Bay (also known as UW-Green Bay, UWGB or GB) is a public university located in Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. It is part of the University of Wisconsin System.
UW–Green Bay was founded in 1965 and originally had an environmental emphasis, but now offers a wide array of degrees. It is unusual among Wisconsin's public universities in that it does not have a football team, due to advice from Vince Lombardi citing high costs and the fact that the city already hosted the Green Bay Packers.
Around the university is the Cofrin Memorial Arboretum, which has several miles of walking and bicycling trails.
Organizing theme:Connecting learning to life
The university's mascot is the Phoenix.

Students
UW-Green Bay Phoenix
UW-Green Bay is a NCAA Division I school. They are a member of the Horizon League. The UW-Green Bay women's basketball team has won or tied for the Horizon League regular-season championship nine times, including the last eight years.[4] They have been to the NCAA tournament eight times, as well, including four of the last five years. Their most recent win in the NCAA Tournament came in 2007, when they were seeded #9 and defeated the University of New Mexico in the first round before falling to the top seeded University of Connecticut in the second round despite leading 40-38 at the half. That loss ended their school-record and nation-leading 26-game winning streak. They also received their first national ranking in 2003, when they were ranked as high as #16 in both the Associated Press poll and the Coaches' Poll. In 2005, they also received a national ranking and a bid to the NCAA Tournament, but were knocked out in the first round by University of Maryland, College Park. They have also made two appearances in the Women's NIT (National Invitational Tournament), most recently in 2006, where they lost to Iowa State University in overtime in a first round game.
The UW-Green Bay softball team has also entered the national spotlight recently. In the 2005 season, they claimed their first Horizon League tournament championship after being picked to finish last in the conference. They went on to the national tournament, where they defeated #6 seed Oregon State University in the first round of the tournament.

Dunedin City includes the towns of Waikouaiti, Karitane Warrington, Port Chalmers, Mosgiel
Waitati is a small seaside settlement in Otago, New Zealand, within the city limits of Dunedin. It is located close to the tidal mudflats of Blueskin Bay, 19 kilometres north of the Dunedin city centre. The small Waitati River flows through the Bay to the sea.
State Highway 1 skirts the western edge of the settlement, which marks the northern limit of the stretch known as the Dunedin Northern Motorway. 3 km to the north of here the highway climbs the notorious Kilmog hill. The Main South Line railway curves from east to north through Waitati and a tourist train, the Seasider, travels through here between Dunedin and Palmerston once or twice a week. The old station yard remains as a train crossing loop and parts of the old station building are used by rail maintenance workers.
Waitati is the site of a school, a branch of the Dunedin Public Libraries, a garden centre, a cafe and a general store. There are several holiday homes.

Alan Eugene Jackson (born October 17, 1958) is an American country music singer and songwriter.

Biography
Alan Jackson's backup band since 1989 is "The Strayhorns." The current line-up of musicians is:

Monty Allen - acoustic guitar, harmony vocals
Danny Groah - lead guitar
Robbie Flint - steel guitar
Mark McClurg - fiddle
Bruce Rutherford - drums
Tony Stephens - piano, harmonica, acoustic guitar, harmony vocals
Roger Wills - bass guitar Band

Discography

Precious Memories also peaked at #1 on the US Gospel Albums chart.

The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president is at the head of the executive branch of the federal government, whose role is to enforce national law as given in the Constitution and written by Congress. Article Two of the Constitution establishes the president as commander-in-chief of the armed forces and enumerates powers specifically granted to the president, including the power to sign into law or veto bills passed by both houses of Congress, to create a Cabinet of advisors, to grant pardons or reprieves, and, with the "advice and consent" of the Senate, to make treaties and appoint federal officers, ambassadors, and federal judges, including Justices of the Supreme Court. As with officials in the other branches of the United States government, the Constitution restrains the president with a set of checks and balances designed to prevent any individual or group from taking absolute power.
The United States was the first country to create the office of president as head of state of a modern republic. Since the adoption of the Constitution, forty-three presidents have been elected or succeeded into the presidency, the first being George Washington. The current president is George W. Bush, inaugurated on January 20, 2001 to a first term and on January 20, 2005 to a second. His term expires at noon on January 20, 2009, after which he will be replaced by the winner of the 2008 presidential election. From the middle of the twentieth century, the United States' status as a superpower has led the American president to become one of the world's most well-known and influential public figures. U.S. presidential elections are regarded by many as events of international as well as national significance and are closely followed in many places around the world.

Origin
Article Two of the Constitution sets the qualifications required to become president. Presidents must be natural-born citizens of the United States, at least thirty-five years old, and must have been resident in the United States for at least fourteen years. Citizens at the time of adoption of the Constitution were also eligible to become president, provided they met the age and residency requirements as well; the Constitution was adopted over 200 years ago, so this rule does not apply to any person living today. While not an official requirement, the vast majority of presidents had prior experience as vice presidents, members of Congress, governors, or generals; in addition, thirty-one of forty-two presidents served in the military, all but one of them, James Buchanan, as an officer. During the electoral process, experience or lack thereof is often given as a point in a presidential candidate's campaign.
Candidates usually must receive the backing of a major political party. This is not strictly required in order to be considered a serious candidate, however; third-party candidate Ross Perot received nearly 19% of the vote in the 1992 election.

Qualifications

Main article: United States presidential election Election
Article Two of the Constitution originally established the method of presidential election. It also used an electoral college, but there was a major difference in the voting system. Each elector cast two votes, with the intention that one would be used for a presidential and the other for a vice presidential candidate. The candidate with the highest number of votes would become the president, while the second-place candidate becoming the vice president.
However, the 1796 and 1800 elections highlighted flaws in the electoral system in use at the time. In particular, the tie in the electoral vote that resulted from the lack of separation between presidential and vice presidential votes in the latter election was an issue. The Democratic-Republican Party's candidates, who won the election, were tied with each other, and as a result, the election was thrown to the House of Representatives in the outgoing Federalist Party-controlled 6th Congress. Federalist representatives attempted to elect Aaron Burr, the Democratic-Republican candidate for vice president, over Thomas Jefferson, the presidential candidate. Jefferson eventually won after Alexander Hamilton managed to swing one state delegation's vote to him. As a result, Congress proposed the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution in 1803, and it was ratified in 1804. This amendment created the electoral system used today.

History

Main articles: United States presidential primary, United States presidential nominating convention, and United States presidential election debates Campaign
Voters in each of the states elect a president on Election Day, set by law as the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, once every four years; elections for other offices at all levels of government also occur on this date. Each state holds a number of electoral votes which correspond to electors in the Electoral College. Tickets of presidential and vice presidential candidates are shown on the ballot; each vote for the tickets actually corresponds to a vote for a slate of electors chosen by the candidates' political party. In most states, the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state's electoral votes, and thus has their slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College. Maine and Nebraska do not use this method, opting instead to give two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district. Neither state has split electoral votes between candidates as a result of this system in modern elections. In any case, the winning set of electors meets at their state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, a few weeks after the election, to vote, and sends a vote count to Congress.
The vote count is opened by the sitting vice president, acting in his capacity as President of the Senate, and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president. Members of Congress can object to any state's vote count, provided that the objection is supported by at least one member of each house of Congress. A successful objection will be followed by debate; however, objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised.
In the event that no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote, the House of Representatives chooses the president from among the top three contenders. However, the House does not vote normally; instead, each state delegation is given only one vote, marginalizing the importance of more populous states. The vice president is chosen through normal voting in the Senate, where each state delegation is already of equal size.

Electoral College
When the Constitution was written, the framers disagreed on the selection of the president: some favored national popular vote, while others wanted Congress to choose the president. The Electoral College was created as a compromise between the two proposals. It gave rural areas and smaller states a slightly larger role in determining the outcome of the election, and it continues to do so today; for example, the largest state by population, California, only has about one electoral vote for every 660,000 residents, while the smallest, Wyoming, has an electoral vote for about every 170,000.
Today, most of the electoral process is a formality in the public eye, as the choice of electors determines the result of the election, with a few exceptions. However, the Twelfth Amendment was written in a time when voters at large had little knowledge of candidates outside their state. As a result, the amendment accommodated this; the electors that voters had chosen were supposed to learn about the other candidates, and make an informed decision that represented the wishes of their constituents. Modern communication has rendered this unnecessary, and as a result, voters now choose between electors that are already pledged to a presidential candidate.

Rationale
See also: President of the United States oath of office
A president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following his election. This date, known as Inauguration Day, marks the beginning of the president's and vice president's four-year terms. Before assuming office, the president-elect is constitutionally required to take the following oath:
According to some legends, George Washington, the first president, added to the end of the oath the phrase "...so help me God." While this phrase is not required, legend has it that most presidents since have followed Washington's lead. However, there are no contemporaneous sources for this legend; in fact, no eyewitness sources to Washington's first inaugural mention the phrase at all - including those that transcribe what he said for his oath.
Washington set an unofficial term limit of two terms, which was generally followed by subsequent presidents as precedent. After the twelve-year presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was elected four times, but died shortly after beginning his fourth term, the Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution was ratified, barring presidents from being elected more than twice, or once if they served more than half of another president's term. Prior to Roosevelt, several presidents had campaigned for a third term, but none were elected. Harry S. Truman, who was president at the time of the amendment's ratification and thus not subject to its terms, also briefly sought a third term before withdrawing from the 1952 race.
Since the amendment's ratification, three presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it; George W. Bush will become the fourth upon completion of his current term on January 20, 2009. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having only served for 14 months following John F. Kennedy's assassination. However, he chose not to run in the 1968 election.

Term of office
See also: Impeachment in the United States and United States presidential line of succession
Vacancies in the office of President may arise because of death, resignation, or removal from office. Articles One and Two of the Constitution allow the House of Representatives to impeach high federal officials, including the president, for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors", and give the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. Two presidents have thus far been impeached by the House, Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998. Neither was subsequently convicted by the Senate; however, Johnson was acquitted by just one vote.
Per the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the vice president and a majority of the Cabinet may remove the president from office once they transmit a statement declaring the president to be incapable to hold office to the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate. If this occurs, then the vice president will assume the powers and duties of President as Acting President; however, the president can declare that no such inability exists, and resume executing the Presidency. If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.
By Act of Congress, presidents may also resign if their resignation is delivered in writing to the Secretary of State. The only president to resign was Richard Nixon on August 9, 1974; he was facing imminent impeachment and likely subsequent conviction in the midst of the Watergate scandal. Just before his resignation, the House Judiciary Committee had reported favorably on articles of impeachment against him.
The Constitution states that the vice president is to be the president's successor in the case of a vacancy. If both the president and vice president are killed or unable to serve for any reason, the next officer in the presidential line of succession, currently the Speaker of the House, becomes president. The list extends to the President pro tempore of the Senate after the Speaker, followed by every member of the Cabinet in a set order.

Removal from office

Main article: Powers of the President of the United States Duties and powers
The president is entitled to use the White House as his living and working quarters, and its entire staff and facilities, including medical care, kitchen, housekeeping and security staff. While traveling, the president is able to conduct the functions of the office from one of two custom-built Boeing 747 aircraft, known as Air Force One. For ground travel, the president uses an armored presidential limousine, currently a heavily modified Cadillac DTS which uses the call sign "Cadillac One."

Salary
The United States Secret Service is charged with protecting the sitting president and his family. Until 1997, all former presidents and their families were protected by the Secret Service until the president's death. The last president to have lifetime Secret Service protection is Bill Clinton; George W. Bush and all subsequent presidents will be protected by the Secret Service for a maximum of ten years after leaving office. However, debates in Congress have been raised concerning this decision. Following the increase in terrorism and threats to the president in general since 1997, lifetime protection is being reconsidered.

Secret Service

Main article: Presidential library Presidential libraries
Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Some prominent examples include William Howard Taft's tenure as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Herbert Hoover's work on government reorganization after World War II. More recently, Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner, international arbiter and election monitor, and a best-selling author. Other former presidents have served in elected office after leaving the White House; Andrew Johnson was elected to the Senate after his term was over, and John Quincy Adams served in the House of Representatives for eighteen years. Grover Cleveland, whose bid for reelection failed in 1888, was elected president again four years later in 1892. John Tyler served in the provisional Confederate States Congress during the Civil War, and was elected to the official Confederate Congress but died before it convened.

After the presidency

List of Presidents of the United States
Curse of Tippecanoe
Executive privilege
Fiction regarding United States presidential succession
Historical rankings of United States Presidents
President of the Continental Congress
Presidential $1 Coin Program
United States presidential election, 2008
Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency
Category:United States presidential history See also

Official

A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787-1825 - Presidential Election Returns including town and county breakdowns
The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara. Retrieved on 2005-10-07. - A collection of over 67,000 Presidential documents
Presidential Documents from the National Archives. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. - A collection of letters, portraits, photos, and other documents from the National Archives
Life Portraits of the American Presidents. C-SPAN. Retrieved on 2005-10-07. - A companion website for the C-SPAN television series: American Presidents: Life Portraits